Yr+9+term+2

Term II Topic 2 Australia in the Great War 1914-1918

"Empires of 1914" for one of my best ever documents see

Triple Entente

Family || House of Windsor Previously Saxe-Coburg-Gotha || The Third French Republic || House of Romanov || State || King || President || Tsar (or Csar) || Poincaire || Tsar –Emperor and Autocrat of all the Russias -Nicholas II || Monarchy || Parliamentary Democracy. All political parties combined to form a “Union Sacrée” under Georges Clémenceau, the “Father of Victory”. || Absolute Autocracy- absolute rule by the Tsar, some concessions to democracy with the Duma but the representatives were mostly wealthy landowners and capitalists || manpower reserves of the Empire ,especially India || Nation united to reclaim lost provinces of Alsace Lorraine lost in 1871. || Vast reserves of manpower. Most peasants still loyal to Tsar but not to  senior officers. || till Clémenceau || Tsar took complete control of government in wartime || many Irish not in favour of fighting “England’s war” || Fickleness of electorate –especially after military setbacks. Much of the war was fought on completely devastated French territory. || Vote not given to the vast majority of population. Duma ineffective and unrepresentative.Widespread poverty unfair land distribution || map. Included Australia, NZ , South Africa and India || Indo-China, various North African and sub-Saharan colonies, Madagascar, some Pacific and West Indies islands || Subject nations included Baltic states, Central Asian and far Eastern republics || Germans in Alsace –Lorraine || Other Slavic races like Ukrainians, Georgians, Armenians, Turkic Central Asian nations || some German colonies Africa and New Guinea and Pacific etc || Victorious – determined to extract revenge from Germany at Peace Treaty || After November revolutions withdrew from European war but a civil war lasted till 1921 and Bolsheviks or Communists took control. || Central Powers Emperors || Ottoman Dynasty of Sultan || Austria and King of Hungary || Sultan of the Ottoman Empire || and King of Hungary Franz Joseph I || Sultan Abdul Hamid II || who shared power and ruled over all other nationalities || Autocracy.The declining power of the Caliphate was being replaced by a new nationalistic "Young Turk" movement of military officers || Brand new Kriegsmarine (Navy) to challenge British Navy || Austrian (German) and Hungarian military elite ruthlessly suppressed any other nationalities || Strong sense of Islam being surrounded and dismembered by hostile Christian neighbours as well as growing nationalism || Hungary Franz Joseph I || Grand Vizier Mahmud Şevket Pasha || took charge as soon as war started. Universal conscription meant devastating shortages in food production. || Many nations felt oppressed-Poles, especially Slavs such as Croats, Serbians, Bosnians, Czechs, Slovaks, Slovenes ,and Italians || Inefficient and corrupt rule by Sultan's government. Constant loss of territory in Europe and Asia over past centuries led to poor morale and a sense of decline || New Guinea, small African colonies etc || Nil overseas –land empire of hostile central Europeans || Arab states of the Middle East , North Africa, Caucasian and Central Asian states || and wealthy industrialists || German Austrians and Hungarian Magyars || Ethnic Turks || French || Slavs such as Croats Serbians, Bosnians as well as Slovaks,Czechs, Slovenes ,Poles, Ruthenes,Ukranians, Rumanians and Italians || Empire consisted of many Muslim Arabs who wanted independence as well as hostile non-Muslim minorities such as Greeks,Kurds, Jews and Armenians who resented Turkish oppression || 1918 || Defeated- Blamed for starting war under Treaty of Versailles.Loss of territory and colonies. Democratic Weimar government lasts until Hitler in 1933 || Defeated. Dismantled into Austrian and Hungarian states as well as new nations of Poland, Czechoslovakia Yugoslavia || Defeated. Middle East and North African States taken by victorious powers. Turkish genocide of Armenians and Greeks leaves a nearly totally Turkish homeland of Anatolia. ||
 * || [[image:union_jack.jpeg width="141" height="90" caption="Union Jack"]] || [[image:France.jpeg caption="Tricolor"]] || [[image:Russian_Empire.png width="87" height="104" caption="Russian Flag"]] ||
 * || [[image:GeorgeV.jpg width="73" height="139" caption="George V"]] || [[image:Poincare.jpeg caption="President Poincaire"]] || [[image:Tsar_Nicholas_II.JPG width="113" height="152" caption="Tsar Nicholas II"]] ||
 * Name || British Empire || French Republic || Russian Empire ||
 * Capital || London || Paris || St. Petersburg ||
 * Ruling
 * Head of
 * Leader || King George V || President Raymonde
 * System of Government || Constitutional
 * Main military strengths || Royal Navy.Vast
 * Head of government || Prime Minister Asquith || 3 ineffective Prime Ministers
 * Weaknesses || Fickleness of electorate ;
 * Colonies || Across the world –see
 * Racial elite || White Anglo Saxon Protestants || Predominantly French Catholics || Great Russians ||
 * Racial minorities || Irish Catholics || Negligible –some
 * End of War || Victorious - took over
 * || [[image:kaiser_william_II.jpeg caption="Kaiser William II"]] || [[image:Austrian_emperor.jpeg caption="Austrian Emperor"]] || [[image:sultan.jpeg caption="Sultan Abdul Hamid II"]] ||
 * || [[image:Imperial_german.jpeg caption="Imperial German Flag"]] || [[image:Habsburg.png caption="Habsburg Coat of Arms "]] || [[image:ottoman.jpeg caption="Ottoman Turkey"]] ||
 * Name || Second German Reich || Austro-Hungarian Empire || Turkish Empire ||
 * Capital || Berlin || Vienna || Constantinople ||
 * Ruling Family || House of Hohenzollern || Habsburg Holy Roman
 * Ruling Family || House of Hohenzollern || Habsburg Holy Roman
 * Head of State || Kaiser of German Empire || Holy Roman Emperor of
 * Leader || Kaiser Wilhelm or William II || Holy Roman Emperor of Austria
 * System of Government || Essentially a Monarchy with some democratic tendencies for wealthier landowners and with administrative powers given to Chancellor || Autocracy –Elite of German and Hungarians
 * Main military strengths || Highly trained and efficient army.
 * Head of government || Chancellor Theobald von Bethmann-Hollweg || Emperor of Austria and King of
 * Weaknesses || Not a real democracy as military
 * Colonies || Some Pacific islands, North East
 * Racial elite || Prussian military landowning elite
 * Racial minorities || Some Poles and Czechs and
 * End of War

STEPS TO WAR

Germany opposed Britain's attempt to defeat the Boers in South Africa || Made Britain think Germany wanted to destroy its empire. || Kaiser Wilhelm promised to support the Sultan of Morocco against France's attempts to take over the country. || Made France think that Germany wanted to destroy its empire. || In a newspaper interview, Kaiser Wilhelm said the English were mad and the Germans hated them. This caused great offense in Britain. || Made the British public hate the Germans. || Bosnia in the Balkans from Turkey. This annoyed Serbia, which had wanted to take over the area. Russia wanted to help Serbia, but had to  back down. || Made Russia determined to support the Serbs. || Scared by the growing German navy, the British people demanded that the government build eight of the new Dreadnought battleships. || Showed that the British thought Germany wanted to challenge the British navy. || There was a revolution in Morocco, so France sent an army to take over. Kaiser Wilhelm sent the gunship 'Panther', but Britain and France forced him to back down. || Made Germany determined to stand up to France and Britain || Serbia and other countries in the Balkans conquered most of Turkey's land in Europe. Serbia became a powerful country, and said Austria-Hungary was its next target. || Made Austria-Hungary frightened of Serbia. || June28 1914 in Sarajevo, Bosnia The heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary was shot by Gavrilo Princip, a young Serb terrorist, in Sarajevo in Bosnia || Made Austria-Hungary determined to destroy Serbia || Task 1 Open up the excel file and
 * 1 || Boer War1899-1902
 * 2 || First Moroccan Crisis 1905
 * 3 || 'Daily Telegraph' article 1908.
 * 4 || Bosnia crisis - 1908Austria annexed
 * 5 || Dreadnought crisis 1909
 * 6 || Agadir Incident 1911
 * 7 || Balkan Wars 1912-1913
 * 8 || Assassination of Austrian Franz Ferdinand

rearrange it to the correct position as shown above. Then print a hard copy of the completed document and glue it into your books. For further information on Anglo-German Naval Rivalry see and von Tirpitz The architect of the German Naval Expansion. . His beard was famous in Europe. After defeat by Germany in 1871 France was grimly determined to get revenge and reclaim Alsace-Lorraine. She was NOT happy about being no longer the dominant military power in Europe.

She looked elsewhere for allies and turned to Russia.

The Austrian government was not much concerned to punish the crime of Sarajevo. They wanted to punish a different crime - the crime that Serbia committed by existing as a free national state. AJP Taylor "Europe -Grandeur and Decline 1967."

AJP Taylor was a respected but outspoken and controversial historian Item 6. "The [Serbian] Government considers it its duty as a matter of course to begin an investigation against all those persons who have participated in the outrage of June  28th (the assassination )and who are in its territory. As far as the cooperation in this  investigation of specially delegated officials of the [Austro-Hungarian] Government is  concerned, this cannot be accepted, as this is a violation of the constitution and of  criminal procedure  Serbian Response to the Ultimatum  25 July 1914

Russia had been humiliated by the fact that her fellow Slavs in Bosnia were taken over by the ramshackle Austro-Hungarian Empire in 1908 and Russia did nothing at the time to prevent it. She also felt she had done very poorly in a war against Japan in 1904-5 and was determined to be much more decisive and much better prepared in a future war. media type="file" key="Arnold daddy.wav" width="300" height="50" soundbyte from The Terminator

An Entente or Understanding with France resulted. (Against Austria and Germany)

Germany's Kaiser William II had allied with the Austro-Hungarian Hapsburg Empire

A-H was ruled by a German speaking elite but had many other nationalities who wanted independence

Austria was particularly annoyed with nearby Serbia who was creating trouble inside Austro-Hungarian territory with their fellow Slavs.

Another complication was Russia's racial links to the Slavs of this area. The Tsar was determined to not let down his allies. The alliance between Germany and A-H was known as the Central Powers as they dominated central Europe. For a time Italy was included but they wanted lost territory in A-H of their own.

A new German ally was found in the Ottoman Empire of Turkey who was alarmed at Russian claims to Turkish territory

translation : "The German Imperial Lightning War Plan War Plan  1. A quick victory in the West  2. Afterwards settle it in the East  Lightning War - No War on Two Fronts!!!!"

The actual original plan to defeat enemies of either side of Germany. What does the D stand for? Who are B,L ,F and R ?

(He gave this to me on a restaurant table napkin to see what I thought of it)

If war began with Russia,Germany was frightened of a "Two Front War."

A senior German General ,Count Alfred von Schlieffen came up with a brilliant plan that meant first a huge swift blow to France , quickly defeating her and knocking her out of the war.(like they did in 1871) Then as Russia was expected to take such a long time to get organised, Germany and Austria could combine to crush the inefficient armies of the Tsar.

For an excellent view of each nations plans for war see and the 4 Steps to War

"An unjust war has been declared on a weak country. The anger in Russia shared fully by me is enormous. I foresee that very soon I shall be overwhelmed by the pressure  forced upon me and be forced to take extreme measures which will lead to war.  To try and avoid such a calamity as a European war I beg you in the name of our old  friendship to do what you can to stop your allies from going too far.  Nicky" Telegram Tsar Nicholas to Kaiser Wilhelm 29 July 1914 Nicholas and Wilhelm (William ) were cousins and had been great friends

For simplification of the steps to war see http://www.johndclare.net/causes_WWI4.htm and remember to watch your ARSE. ( Apologies to sensitive souls.) A - Austria Hungary wanted revenge on Serbia. An ultimatum sent to Serbia was accepted ,with the exception of item 6. This was the excuse Austria needed to declare war. The Germans had already given them a "blank cheque" (Official OK) to do whatever they wanted

R -Russia mobilises on the 31st July.The Tsar's Army told him he had to prepare for war with BOTH Austria and Germany ,rather than just Austria which he wanted to do. This is very serious and very dangerous for both Germany and Austria.

S -the Schlieffen Plan meant that Germany had to immediately both mobilise and act decisively to carry out its war aims. 90% of their forces could knock out France assuming Russia took ages to prepare for a future struggle E -England had a treaty of Neutrality with Belgium and when Germany invaded "Little Belgium", War was declared on Germany on 5th August 1914

When War broke out ,the German armies were locked into their plan ,it involved marching through neutral Belgium and avoiding very strong French defences. media type="file" key="Clint make my day.wav" width="300" height="50" The attack on "little Belgium" caused outrage in Britain and they joined with France and Russia -forming a Triple Entente against the Central Powers



British propaganda cartoon showing the German bully threatening the brave little Belgian boy. Notice the sausages in the German guy's pockets.

Very strong defence by the French and British forces just stopped the German invasion and both huge forces were then unable to progress.

A Stalemate of horrific trench warfare known as the Western Front meant despite unbelievable loss of life on both sides, the situation was basically the same for the next 4 years. A plan was needed to help the Russians who were also fighting a catastrophic series of battles. It was designed to attack Germany's supposed weak ally Turkey and then supply Russia with arms and supplies. media type="file" key="Clint lucky punk.wav" width="300" height="50"

'**War by Timetable**'
In 1969 AJP Taylor published his book //War by// //Timetable//. In it, he argued that railway timetables played a key part in starting the First World War. Mobilizing millions of men was a hugely complicated job. Every country used the railways, and spent years working out how to get all those soldiers and all their supplies to where they needed to be - e.g. the Schlieffen Plan took nine years to devise (1897-1906). So: [|every country had only one Plan] the Russians had 'Plan A', the French 'Plan 17'; and it was too much to devise another one! So, when the crisis came - although it didn't fit the situation that these Plans envisaged - every country //had// to go ahead and implement their Plans because they had no other plans of what to do, and it was too late to make a new one. The Tsar HAD to order a general mobilisation, even though he only wanted to mobilize against Austria. And when, on 1 August, Kaiser Wilhelm tried to pause the German mobilisation, his generals told that he couldn't; 11,000 trains were on the move, and war could not now be stopped. media type="file" key="cost of their folly.wav" width="300" height="50"

**__Task 2 200 words -extended response__**-

Using any of the information above and your own knowledge write a response explaining a) How Australians would view world events in the period from Federation to 1914 and  b) Why Australians felt they should enlist to  fight for the Mother Country.

Major Battlefields:(other than Gallipoli mentioned later) marked in green on maps.

Western Fron t -between the British and French

against Germany. This theatre was mostly fought on French and Belgian territory .Australians fought as part of British Empire forces. Many brave Australians lost their lives on this terrible front. This theatre lasted till the end of the war in 1918.

Eastern Front - between the German and Austro- Hungarian forces against the Tsarist armies of Russia until Russia collapsed after the revolutions of 1917. The front lines shifted dramatically in both directions. The new Communist government signed a treaty at Brest-Litovsk giving away huge territory for the sake of  peace.

Isonzo (Alpine) Front -between Italy and combined Austrian and German armies. Despite years of horrific casualties and reverses ,a final Italian victory at Vittorio Veneto in 1918 resulted in the capture of 300,000 Austrian prisoners and the end for Austria as a military power.My own grandfather fought in this battle and was decorated.

Palestine and Middle East - not illustrated. Australians formed a very significant part of a British force that defeated and expelled the Turks from the rest of their empire in the the Middle East. The Arabs who assisted the Allies wanted their own independence from Turkish oppression

From http://www.nationmaster.com/encyclopedia/Naval-operations-in-the-Dardanelles-Campaign Part 1 = Dardanelles Naval Campaign 19 Feb1915–Jan1916 Where - Dardanelles –Turkey Result –Ottoman Turkish Victory


 * Combatants ||  ||
 * British Empire-including Australian and New Zealanders

MEF Mediterranean Expeditionary Force || Ottoman Empire || -later replaced by || Liman von Sanders-German senior adviser to Turkish Sultan on Military De fences || They eventually took over the government from the Sultan. || damaged || 1 Minelayer sunk || damaged ||  || [|The 3D Anzac Experience] check this out -very up to date
 * France [[image:France.jpeg]] ||  ||
 * Commanders ||  ||
 * Sir Sackville Carden
 * John de Robeck || Kemal Ataturk and a new generation of aggressive Nationalist Military officers known as "Young Turks".
 * Strength ||  ||
 * 31 Battleships || 1 Battlecruiser //Goeben-// donated by Germany ||
 * 3 Battlecruisers || 1 Light Cruiser //-// donated by Germany ||
 * 24 Cruisers || Various huge minefields and Forts ||
 * 25 Destroyers || Otherwise unknown ||
 * 8 Monitors ||  ||
 * 14 Submarines ||  ||
 * 50 + Transports ||  ||
 * Casualties ||  ||
 * 6 Battleships sunk || 2 Battleships sunk ||
 * 3 Battleships
 * 1 Battlecruiser
 * 1 Destroyer sunk ||  ||
 * 8 Submarines lost ||  ||
 * Military Dead ||  ||
 * 252,000 || 253,000 ||

The plan -to force clear a route to help Russia

Combined land-sea operation media type="file" key="plan.wav" width="300" height="50" Part 2 = Gallipoli Land Campaign to remove fortifications, open up the Black Sea and storm through to Constantinople the Turkish capital and knock them out of the war. "Gallipoli the First Day" - One of the __**very best sites**__ ,with 3D ,with profiles of different participants ,with a "Quick Tour", Campaign Overview with video and audio see

Document Study from an excellent site [|Anzacs at Gallipoli]: This is the Official Government Site

Gallipoli Documents Task
 * You must select ONE Blue or **
 * TWO Red or **
 * THREE Green Document/s **
 * and do the worksheet/s after it . **
 * NOTE : **
 * Blue documents are worth 25 marks **
 * Red and **** Green documents are worth 20 marks **


 * Print out your answers and glue a hard copy into your books. **


 * 1) ****Why did the Anzacs land at Gallipoli on 25 April 1915? -Reasons for the Expedition **

** [[file:Why did the Anzacs land at Gallipoli.doc]]and [[file:Why did the Anzacs land -worksheet.doc]] **

 * 2) Ashmead-Bartlett – **** The first report in Australia of the landing at Gallipoli - **
 * sent to Australian newspapers **
 * [[file:Reports Ashmead Bartlett.doc]]and **[[file:Reports Ashmead worksheet.doc]]


 * 3) Excerpt from Ellis Ashmead-Bartlett's confidential diary concerning military censorship- **
 * [[file:Ashmead -Censorship.doc]]and [[file:Ashmead Censorship Worksheet.doc]] **

and
 * 4) Australia's official war correspondent Charles Bean – The first report- **

[[file:Letter from Principal Librarian worksheet.doc]]

 * 6)A 'duty clear before us' –the Assault on North Beach and the Sari Bair Range **
 * [[file:A duty clear before us.doc]]and [[file:A duty clear before us-worksheet.doc]] **


 * 7) A brief description of the landing- An excerpt from Denis Winter's book, **
 * “// 25 April 1915 - The Inevitable Tragedy // **
 * [[file:Gallipoli landing.doc]]and [[file:description of landing worksheet.doc]] **

and
 * 8) “I was able from what I saw of the country to make a map”- Scouting **

**9) I shall be the first to fall” Hill 60 -21-28 August** and

**10) “Crikey they’re coming on in these parts” The development of the North** **Beach Base- October –November 1915 –** and


 * 11) “Their uniforms were torn, their knees broken” –August **** The August **
 * offensive in the Sari Blair Range 6-10 August 1915 **
 * [[file:August Offensive.doc]]and [[file:August offensive-worksheet.doc]] **

**and **
 * 12) “ Thus to leave you, thus to part – the final evacuation **

** 13) Remembering Anzac –where today the site is kept - ** and

Western Front Some recent studies of The Western Front have supported Australian sources -such as [|Comparing Australian and British accounts on Fromelles] An excellent site for a study of the Western Front is at [|The Western Front in France] [|and Flanders] It divides the war into 4 phases :

//**First phase: a war of encounter and movement, in which preconceptions are destroyed**// //** Second phase: entrenched siege warfare in which British work to French **// //** strategy **// //** Third phase: entrenched siege warfare in which British begin to play the **// //** leading role **//
 * **1914** ||
 * [|The Battle of Mons and subsidiary actions] || 23 - 24 August 1914 ||
 * [|The Battle of Le Cateau and subsidiary actions] || 26 August - 1 September 1914 ||
 * [|The Battle of the Marne 1914] || 7 - 10 September 1914 ||
 * [|The Battle of the Aisne 1914 and subsidiary actions] || 12 - 15 September 1914 ||
 * [|The Defence of Antwerp] || 4 - 10 October 1914 ||
 * [|The Battle of La Bassee] || 10 October - 2 November 1914 ||
 * [|The Battle of Messines 1914] || 12 October - 2 November 1914 ||
 * [|The Battle of Armentieres] || 13 October - 2 November 1914 ||
 * [|The Battles of Ypres 1914 ("First Ypres")] || 19 October - 22 November 1914 ||
 * **Battle** || **Dates** ||
 * [|Winter Operations 1914-1915] || 23 November 1914 - 6 February 1915 ||
 * **1915** ||
 * [|The Battle of Neuve Chapelle and subsidiary actions] || 10 March - 22 April 1915 ||
 * [|The Battles of Ypres 1915 (Second Ypres)] || 22 April - 25 May 1915 ||
 * [|The Battle of Aubers] || 9 - 10 May 1915 ||
 * [|The Battle of Festubert] || 15 - 25 May 1915 ||
 * [|Other actions in Spring 1915] || 15 June - 9 August 1915 ||
 * [|The Battle of Loos and associated actions] || 25 September - 18 October 1915 ||
 * **1916** ||
 * [|Actions in Spring 1916] || 14 February - 13 June 1916 ||
 * [|The Battles of the Somme 1916] || 1 July - 18 November 1916 ||
 * **1917** ||
 * [|Operations on the Ancre] || 11 January - 13 March 1917 ||
 * **Battle** || **Dates** ||
 * **1917** ||
 * [|German Retreat to the Hindenburg Line] || 14 March - 5 April 1917 ||
 * [|The Arras Offensive and associated actions] || 9 April - 16 June 1917 ||
 * [|The Battle of Messines 1917 and associated actions] || 7 June - 11 July 1917 ||
 * [|Operation Hush, 1917] || Cancelled ||
 * [|The Battles of Ypres 1917 (Third Ypres, or Passchendaele)] || 31 July - 10 November 1917 ||
 * [|The Cambrai Operations and associated actions] || 20 November - 30 December 1917 ||

//** Final phase: return to open warfare **// Propaganda Posters - Answer the questions (in full sentences) on the Posters and Photographs in a WordFile and paste it into your books. Task 4 - ** Cartoon Analysis **
 * **Battle** || **Dates** ||
 * **1918** ||
 * [|The First Battles of the Somme 1918 and associated actions] || 21 March - 4 July 1918 ||
 * [|The Battles of the Lys] || 9 April - 29 April 1918 ||
 * [|The Battle of the Aisne 1918] || 27 May - 6 June 1918 ||
 * [|The Battles of the Marne 1918] || 20 July - 2 August 1918 ||
 * [|The Battle of Amiens and associated actions] || 8 August - 17 August 1918 ||
 * [|The Second Battles of the Somme 1918] || 21 August - 3 September 1918 ||
 * [|The Advance in Flanders] || 18 August - 6 September 1918 ||
 * [|The Second Battles of Arras 1918] || 26 August - 3 September 1918 ||
 * [|The Battles of the Hindenburg Line and associated actions] || 12 September - 12 October 1918 ||
 * [|The Final Advance in Flanders] || 28 September - 11 November 1918 ||
 * [|The Final Advance in Artois] || 2 October - 11 November 1918 ||
 * [|The Final Advance in Picardy] || 17 October - 11 November 1918 ||

1) How did the Germans feel about the Entente Cordiale? 2) Compare the way they saw themselves (compared to other nations). 3) What does the poster say about the way Russia thought about their forces ? 4) Why is a Cavalry officer shown in this picture ? What does it show about Russian preparedness for modern warfare ?

5) This American poster was drawn until the later years of the war.Why ? 6) How are the Americans told about the German forces? Why ? 7) Australia relied on voluntary enlistment during WWI. What message is this poster sending to young Australian men?  8) The Australian Government wanted to introduce Conscription. To do so they had to hold a referendum. What side of the debate was this poster representing? What are the key arguments of this poster? Who is the Satanic Figure in the background? 9) What side of the debate was this poster representing? What are the key arguments of this poster?  Who authorised this poster ?  10) This photograph shows Prime Minister William Morris Hughes campaigning during the referendum campaign. His Labor Party was opposed to conscription. How did he stay Prime Minister ? 11) When were the referendums held ? What were the results ? ( you need to provide the different state votes ,total votes and which way each state voted ) 12) What side of the debate was this poster representing? What are the key arguments of this poster? Who authorised this poster ? 13) How did West Australians feel about the result of the referenda ( plural of referendum) Why ?

MINDMAP An experimental program (for me ) is Mindmap. Check out

Well - that didn't work-any suggestions as to how we can access this ?

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