Spartan+Society

Battle of Leuctra __** Option I : Greece :  __** media type="file" key="Python you shall die.wav" = 1.a The influence of the geographical environment on the ancient society including = 1a  Location, geography, topography and resources of Sparta and her neighbours 2. The roles ,perspectives and influence of elites and groups on the ancient society and significant beliefs and values of the society including 2a Key terms and concepts 2b  Roles and privileges of the kings 2c  Features and structure of government 2d  Military elite 2e  Educational system 2f  Helots and perioici 3. social relationships and gender roles within the ancient society including : 4. the economy including 5. religion, death and burial ,and systems of belief and practice including 6. The cultural life of the ancient society including : 7. Peoples’ lives in the ancient society including : 8a the relevant archaeological and/or written evidence (primary and secondary ) for the ancient society.
 * __Topic 2. Spartan Society to the
 * __
 * 3a Social structure and organization
 * 3b Roles of Spartan women
 * 3c Role of the family
 * 3d Rites of passage
 * 3e //__ Krypteia __//
 * 4a Economic structure and organization –//__kleroi__//
 * 4b  Agriculture
 * 4c  Industries ,trade
 * 4d  Roles of helots and perioici
 * 4e  Problems of land ownership and inheritance
 * 5a Beliefs ,practices ,organization and buildings
 * 5b Relationship with Delphi
 * 5c Funeral rites for the kings
 * 6a significant myths and legends
 * 6b art-pottery and sculpture
 * 6c literacy and literature-poetry
 * 6d the question of Lycurgus
 * 7a the military way of life
 * 7b festivals –music ,athletics
 * 7c occupations
 * 7d food
 * 7e leisure

for yet another hardcopy of these points here is. I have tried to label as many links and documents according to this system eg 4d=helots  <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"> <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">useful links for many many many Greek sites ,especially about the "300 Spartans" and other varied aspects of Greek topics. This is a MUST. .... media type="file" key="300 profession.wav"soundbyte from movie "300"
 * [(Useful Websites.doc]]<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"> here is a **__fabulous__** file of mine with

<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"> Some other interesting sites I have found are: "because she felt sorry for me" ( I had it on a video-how shameful !!!! ...) There are also links to media type="file" key="Python for no man.wav"soundbyte from Monty Python and the Holy Grail
 * 6a [|300 Spartan Warriors] which is a good old potboiler, based on the fabulous smash hit cult movie but useful background nonetheless.
 * I have a copy of the DVD . A very sweet former student bought it for me
 * A grab-bag of topics ,bookmark this one [|http://www.csun.edu/~hcfll004/sparta.html] which has links to
 * [|Bibliography of Spartan matters](Prof. J. P. Adams)
 * 6a The [|Descendants]of Heracles
 * 6d [|Stories about Lycurgus] (Xenophon)
 * 6a[| Some Spartan Stories]
 * 6a[| More Spartan Stories]
 * 2a [| Some Class Notes on Sparta](Prof. J. P. Adams)
 * 7d Spartan eating associations (// syssitia //, [|phitidia])
 * 6a[| Pausanias]on the Spartan foundation myth.
 * 1a 8a [|Strabo]on Laconia.
 * 1a [| Pausanias]on the topography of downtown Sparta.
 * 5a The Throne of Apollo at [|Amyklai]
 * 3e The [|Krypteia]at Sparta.
 * 2a 3a [|The Great Rhetra]
 * 2b The [|Kings]of Sparta.
 * 2c The [|Ephors]of Sparta.
 * 2c Aristotle on the [|Ephors].
 * 3b Spartan Pythagorean [|Women.]
 * 2b[| King Cleomenes I]and the Women of Argos
 * 6c [|Telesilla], poet of Argos.
 * 6c Texts about [|Alcman].
 * Some [|Famous Spartans]: Brasidas, Gylippos, King Pausanias
 * 1a[|Peloponnese : Laconia Prefecture]
 * 1a Hellenic Ministry of Culture: [|Laconia](including Sparta, Mistra, and Gytheion).
 * [|Sparta](E. Papakyriakou)
 * 2c <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 144%;">[] <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 180%;"> is good for politics.
 * 2c [|Ephors]
 * 2c [|Gerousia]
 * 4d [|Helot >]
 * 4d [|Perioiki >]
 * 2d [|Spartiate]

> It is commonly known that Spartan boys left their mothers at age 7 to start their training in the Spartan militaristic lifestyle ,but there appears to have been an exception made for the heirs apparent <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 150%;"> > A list of the kings of Sparta with their dates when known. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 150%;"> > Cleomenes I was an Agiad king of Sparta who reigned for about 30 years and was involved in disputes among various Greek poleis ( plural of polis = Greek city state) > Gorgo was the daughter of one king and wife of the next Agiad king of Sparta and was renowned for wisdom > The government of Sparta included five annually selected ephors. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 150%;"> > The Spartan assembly was called the ecclesia. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 150%;"> > A Spartan governmental body of old men. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 150%;"> > We don't know whether Lycurgus asked the oracle to simply confirm the law code he already had or asked the oracle to provide the code <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 150%;"> > From Richard Hooker's World Culture site. The Messenian helots, status of women, devotion to the state and the government <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 150%;"> <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 150%;"> http://ancienthistory.about.com/cs/greecehellas1/a/lycurgussparta.htm <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 150%;"> <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 150%;"> <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 150%;">[|www.csun.edu/%7Ehcfll004/sparking.html www.geocities.com/Athens/Aegean/7849/timeline.html.] Though the title says Athens it is not an error, it’s really Spartan stuff <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 150%;">
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 150%;">2b 2e <span style="text-decoration: none; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 150%;">[|Who Said the Spartan Heirs Apparent Did Not Undergo the Rigorous Agoge Training?] <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 150%;">
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 150%;">2b 6a [|Kings of Sparta]
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 150%;">2b 6a [|Cleomenes I King of Sparta]
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 150%;">3b 5a [|Gorgo of Sparta]
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 150%;">3c [|Ephors]
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 150%;">3c [|Ecclesia]
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 150%;">3c [|Gerousia]
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 150%;">5a 5b [|Delphi and the Law]
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 150%;">Xenophon opts for the former while Plato believes the latter.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 150%;">There's a possibility that the code came from Sparta.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 150%;">2c 3a 3b 4d [|Sparta]
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 150%;">http://www.ncl.ac.uk/shefton-museum/greeks/info.html might seem a bit basic but don’t be put off
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 150%;">For the history of Sparta see __ http://www.sikyon.com/sparta/history_eg.html __
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 150%;">6d Our old mate Lycurgus is at
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 150%;">2b Kings of Sparta are at
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 150%;">A starting point for many other areas see [|http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/ancient/asbook07.htm]



some samples are included: Sparta Terms <span style="font-size: 150%; color: rgb(255, 153, 0); font-family: Papyrus;">2a <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 150%; color: rgb(255, 153, 0);">A: Names -Geography <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 150%;">  __Laconia____:__ defines the area of land surrounding Sparta – the villages, the Laconian plain etc. the area between the two mountain ranges – Taygetus to the west and Parnon to the east.  Messenia__:__ the neighbouring state to Sparta (west, across the Taygetus ranges) that is made up of many green and fertile plains. It was conquered by the Spartans. The population became helots.  __Mt Ithome:__ the largest mountain out of the mountain ranges in Messenia. It became a symbol of freedom to the helots and was a centre for their organised rebellions.  __Tarentum:__ a city-state at the bottom Italy. The only city-state ever colonised by Sparta, not conquered. The population were cast out inferiors from Sparta; a result of a dispute to the reforms of the great Rhetra. No contact existed between the two.  __Peloponnese:__ the entire section of land connected to mainland Greece by an isthmus. It contains several Greek city states that form the Peloponnesian league: and some others as well. Those that form the league are: Sparta, Corinth, Tegea, Mantinea, Gytheon, Patre, Elis, Troizen, Ochomenos and more.  __Thermopylae____:__ a Greek plain where the historically renowned battle between the Spartan army and the Persians was fought. There were only 300 Spartiate warriors but they were supported by numerous Perioikoi and helot hoplites.  __Lacedaemon:__ another name that defines the same area as Laconia. The same area, between the Taygetus and Parnon ranges is the Lacedaemon.  __Mt Taygetus:__ the mountain ranges that defined the border of Sparta and also protected it. Across these ranges to the west was the conquered city-state of Messenia. It is extremely difficult, even today, to cross the Taygetus ranges.  __Eurotas:__ the river that nourished and made fertile the Laconian plain. It was the sole source of water for the Spartans and was constantly flowing due to water run-off from the two sets of snow-capped mountain ranges each side of Sparta. The areas around the Eurotas were used chiefly for agricultural purposes. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 150%;"> <span style="color: rgb(255, 153, 0); font-family: Papyrus; font-size: 150%;">5a B: Names (Human) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 150%;"> __ Lycurgus (lycurgos, lykourgus, etc): __ the legendary? Lawgiver of Spartan history. It will never be defined whether he existed or not; and there is many theories surrounding the mystery of the lawgiver’s existence; whether he was a single individual or multiple; an ideal or demi-god; not even the Spartan’s truly knew. His name was chiefly used to instil fear and respect in the younger Spartan population. Many of the ways, ideal, morals, laws, systems and functions of Sparta were reformed by Lycurgus during the period of the second Messenian war. His reforms were accepted and adopted by Sparta because ‘he’ claimed that they were given to him by the god Apollo in the ‘oracle of Delphi.’ He wrote them down in what became known as ‘the great Rhetra.’ <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 150%;"> > (The founders who populated the Peloponnese were Dorian Greeks) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 150%;"> > <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 150%;"> perform the same function in both societies; the father of the gods. He is significant to the Spartans however chiefly as the father of their demi-god ancestors of their kings; Helen of Sparta, Heracles and the Discouri (Castor and Polydeuces or //Pollux//.) the two royal families of Sparta claim to be descendents of these four demi-gods. (Children of Zeus and various mortal women.) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 150%;"> <span style="color: rgb(255, 153, 0); font-family: Papyrus; font-size: 150%;">3a 5a C: Religious connections <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 150%;"> > > <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 150%;"> > These names were Ouranios and Lakedaimonios. ( I have to check on this but I have a feeling those names were what Cimon of Athens called his children to show his partiality to Sparta and Spartans ) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 150%;"> > <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 150%;"> Amyclae, outside of Sparta. Possibly it was originally to worship the vegetation god, Hyakinthos who was killed when Apollo accidentally hit him with a discus. Cartledge (//modern historian of Sparta//) believes it was a ritual for the dead and re-incarnation. It was also a festival to praise Apollo. Thus it was known for being a very peculiar festival to the Spartans religious activities. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 150%;">
 * <span style="color: rgb(239, 98, 26); font-size: 150%;">A fabulous list of terms from Bored of Studies site [|Bored Of Studies]
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 150%;">__ Dorian: __ defines the race of Greeks who were iron-age. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 150%;">
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 150%;">__ Leonidas: __ the great and probably most famous king of Sparta; mainly due to the fact that he led the Spartan army of 300 (as well as numerous perioci and helots) into the fabled,fatal Battle of Thermopylae.
 * This amazing story of human courage and bravery has immortalised the image of the perfect Spartan king an d army.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 150%;">__ Zeus: __ Zeus of the Greeks must not be confused with the roman deity of the same name, however they
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 150%;">__ Apollo __ : Apollo is (was?) the god of chief importance to the Spartans. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 150%;">
 * The sun god who determined day and night ,good or bad harvests ,whether or not they went to battle was one whom the Spartans worshipped with many festivities ,rituals and sacrifices <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 150%;">
 * It was Apollo who was said to have decreed the reforms of Spartan society that were implemented by Lycurgus.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 150%;">Lycurgus was said to have been a prophet of Apollo and that was why the reforms to the Spartan way of life were adopted readily and earnestly
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 150%;">__ Zeus __ : the Greek Zeus was the father of all gods and the father of the Spartans through his demi-god children Helen ,Heracles ,Castor and Polydeuces. He was of great significance to Spartan society and religion ,and readily worshipped by Spartans. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 150%;">
 * He was given two special names which also became the names of the cults who followed him particularly ,led by the kings.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 150%;">__ Artemis __ : //or, Artemis Orthea.// The goddess of wisdom and the hunt, Artemis was believed to have watched over Sparta especially in times of war.
 * She was worshipped in a special festival where it was rumoured the young males of Sparta tested their endurance and was known to be one of the most violent of festivals. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 150%;">
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 150%;"> <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Console',Monaco,monospace; font-size: 120%;">It involved the boys running and snatching the holy cheeses from between the temple and the altar, put there for her honour. After being caught with the stolen cheeses they were whipped viciously. It is hard to know what really happened in this festival because the sources are from the period when the Romans developed this spectacle into a tourist attraction.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 150%;">__ Orthia __ : another name for the goddess known as Artemis, Artemis Orthea, Artemis Orthia, or Orthia.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 150%;">__ Hyakinthia __ : this was the most important festival to the Spartans. It was held at the ancient shrine of
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 150%;">Here are a few more to check out [[file:Social and gender.doc]] and another useful list of Spartan words:

** 2a Sparta **** Definitions ** <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Console',Monaco,monospace; font-size: 150%;"> A display of endurance and warrior hardship. <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Console',Monaco,monospace; font-size: 150%;"> to commemorate the death of vegetation god Hyakinthos. Account left by Athenaeus. Mourning of Hyakinthos and praise of Apollo. <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Console',Monaco,monospace; font-size: 150%;"> <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Console',Monaco,monospace; font-size: 150%;"> Basis for emphasis on tradition. <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Console',Monaco,monospace; font-size: 150%;"> <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Console',Monaco,monospace; font-size: 150%;"> > Were assigned to masters and allowed sole focus on military activities. Had to pay a proportion of their produce to their 'owner'. Constant state of war declared against them to justify subjugation. Were allowed to live in family units and occasionally served as light infantry or even hoplites. <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Console',Monaco,monospace; font-size: 150%;"> (bronze was chosen, according to //Xenophon//, by Lycurgus because it was “quick to polish and slow to tarnish”) bronze helmet and leg greaves, red cloak (least effeminate, warlike, intimidating, associated with Greek amulets for warding off danger. <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Console',Monaco,monospace; font-size: 150%;"> <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Console',Monaco,monospace; font-size: 150%;"> <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Console',Monaco,monospace; font-size: 150%;"> <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Console',Monaco,monospace; font-size: 150%;"> In Sparta Helots were publicly owned. <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Console',Monaco,monospace; font-size: 150%;"> <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Console',Monaco,monospace; font-size: 150%;"> <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Console',Monaco,monospace; font-size: 150%;"> <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Console',Monaco,monospace; font-size: 150%;">( All these are downloaded from Bored of Studies ) <span style="font-size: 26pt; color: rgb(221, 19, 19); font-family: Papyrus;">Sparta <span style="color: rgb(221, 19, 19); font-size: 26pt; font-family: Papyrus;"> Quotes from BOS Spartan government was a number of systems that acted in a harmonious whole Cartledge Spartan government was arranged in a hierarchy Welch The Gerousia acted as a kind of ballast Plutarch The Ephors were a pragmatic device to ensure the monarchy’s perpetuation Cartledge The different elements acted as checks and balances to each other Cartledge The boys learned to read and write no more than was necessary Plutarch Boys were able to accommodate themselves more readily to anything put before them Xenophon Xenophon is a pro-Spartan Athenian exile Cartledge At the temple of Artemis Orthia Plutarch witnessed many of them dying under the lashes On Spartan (women) Asquithian- Spartan women had lots of time to themselves because of the servitude of helots around their house. Unlike the rest of Greece they were active in Spartan society. They did not raise their own children this was done by helot maids... Therefore they had much time. Many Spartan women aspired to be like Helen from Homer’s Iliad... who was famous for her beauty ,education and outspokenness. The Spartans believed she was a god, and in line with Spartan religious practice, they believed that gods or demi gods such as Helen could help then in their daily lives. According to Herodotus 6.61 a lady was nursing a child, a Spartan girl who was from a rich family but was really ugly so she took her to the Shrine of Helen at Phoebus. Where she met Helen and then the baby became beautiful.
 * Laconia – land east of Taygetus ranges covering the middle and eastern peninsulas of the Southern Peloponnese.
 * Gymnopaedia – Festival of athletic competitions held among boys and men in July.
 * Hyakinthia – Most important festival, held at shrine of Amyclae. Mythically proclaimed by Apollo
 * The Great Rhetra – Spoken system of law mythically given to Lycurgus by Delphi
 * Assembly (or Apella, Ecclesia) – All citizen males over 30. Voted on laws proposed by Gerousia, could not make policy. An addition to Great Rhetra . Important as separated Spartiates fromthe rest.
 * Gerousia -'council of elders' – the two kings and 28 men over 60, elected for life by acclamation.
 * Agoge – the Spartan education system. Training program designed to create a warrior people form birth.
 * Syssitia – military mess of about 15 men, to which each man was expected to contribute food.
 * Perioikoi – 'dwellers around' – merchant class allied to Sparta. Commanded all passes/waterways into Sparta ,provided some of the army and were essential for trade and craft.
 * Helots – Agricultural slaves/serfs of the Spartans who were owned by the state. <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Console',Monaco,monospace; font-size: 150%;">
 * Krypteia – bands of young warriors allowed to terrorise young helots as part of their training.
 * Phalanx – massed battle formation of ranks 8-12 deep, heavily armed infantry.
 * Hoplite – Spartan heavy infantry, equipped with a long spear, sword, cuirass, round bronze shield
 * Menelaion – Sanctuary dedicated to Helen and Menelaus in Laconia.
 * Hypomeiones – Spartans who had lost citizen rights through not passing the Agoge or contributing to the syssitia
 * Spartiates – full Spartan citizens who had passed the Agoge and were members of a syssitia, <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Console',Monaco,monospace; font-size: 150%;"> (a.k.a 'homoioi' = equals)
 * Eunomia – Greek concept of “good order”, usually conservative form of government.
 * Ephors – Five elected magistrates, executive of state, administrates laws/were public directors of policy. Held office for 1 year and could be outvoted by fellows.
 * Pythians – 2 Ambassadors sent to Delphi, one by each king.
 * Chattel Slavery – Mainly Athenian (and elsewhere in Greece) system in which individuals were bought and sold as slaves.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Console',Monaco,monospace; font-size: 150%;">Your hard copy is at [[file:Sparta Terms.doc]]
 * <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Console',Monaco,monospace; font-size: 150%;">2d [[file:Elites & groups.doc]] are for the syllabus dot point and
 * <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Console',Monaco,monospace; font-size: 150%;">1a [[file:Environment.doc]]is mainly the background to Sparta itself.

According to Parker the relationship with the gods in Sparta was based on mutual respect. That the gods would help then in any legitimate venture. Young females were encouraged to be physically fit in order to be able to give birth to healthy new Spartan warriors. They participated in running and athletics and often exercised naked and would laugh at boys who were underdeveloped or skinny. The poet Alcman composed poems of that praised Young Spartan women of their natural beauty. This can be seen in Alcman fragment 12. This shows a frank appreciation of the beauty of Spartan girls. Adult female Spartan women would advise their husbands, supervise the helots and often conduct general household finances as the men were often away...Women came to own around 40% of Spartan real estate due to Spartan inheritance laws. Women banqueted...participated in horse racing and according to Herodotus when asked a question... gave their response very loudly and in public. Women also were there to mock men if they did something wrong to encourage them to do better. However they would be there to congratulate on success. Women were often only seen as something that gave birth...they were subject to bride by capture. They were kidnapped at night...had their head shaved...they were also dressed in boys clothes

On government Sparta is a DAM Democracy (Apella... or assembly) Ehrenburg Autocracy (Gerousia or filled with gerontes) Monarchy (the kings -agidae and euripontidae)

The kings were part of the Gerousia and hence could influence policy in their own way. 28 members in the Gerousia including the two kings (Euripontidae and Agidae) The king has special rights...that is outlined in Herodotus 6.65 i.e. has to receive double portion at dinner ...the hides of the animals at sacrifices...he must sit first etc

The Gerousia proposed legislation and the Apella voted on it...the Spartans summarised their attitude to law what they called 'nomos' Ephors also made up Spartan government. There were 5 of them elected annually from the Apella. Famous one was Chilon from the mid 6th century... They directed public policy. Protected the kings like magistrates....According to Xenophon Spartan society 8 Ephors were very helpful and always 'ran instead of walked to help.' The system was based on respect...the Gerousia had the greatest right of veto.

On kleroi Each individual Spartiate citizen, at birth, was given a plot of land 'kleros' and helots to work it. This land could not be sold as it was government land and with 'public slaves' according to Cartledge. If the person who owned the Kleros died it was passed down the family hierarchy. If there were no men it went to the Spartan woman (even though women where not citizens and could not vote in the Apella...they came to own around 40% of property by the end of the 5th century) Helots worked this kleros and had to give an allotted amount to their Spartiate master...if their master took too much they were liable to be cursed in public. <span style="font-size: 12pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 255);">Gorgo, for example, the wife of Leonidas, is said to have said, when some foreign lady, as it would seem, told her that the women of Lacedaemon were the only women in the world who could rule men; "With good reason," she said, "for we are the only women who bring forth men." Plutarch media type="file" key="Roger painted bad.wav" soundbyte from "Who Framed Roger Rabbit?" for your hard copy see and

= 6d Sparta – Lycurgus = = = By [|N.S. Gill], About.com Although the evolution of Greek law codes is complicated and can't really be reduced to the work of a single individual, there is one man who stands out as responsible for Athenian law and one for Spartan law. Athens had its Solon, and Sparta had its **Lycurgus the lawgiver**. Like the origins of Lycurgus' legal reforms, the man himself is wrapped in legend. [|Herodotus] says the Spartans thought the laws of Lycurgus came from [|Crete]. [|Xenophon] takes a contrary position, arguing Lycurgus made them up; while Plato says the Delphic Oracle provided the laws. Regardless of the origin of the laws of Lycurgus, the Delphic Oracle played an important, if legendary, role in their acceptance. Lycurgus claimed that the Oracle had insisted the laws not be written down. He tricked the Spartans into keeping the laws for an ostensibly short period -- while Lycurgus went on a journey. Because of the authority invoked, the Spartans agreed. But then, instead of returning, Lycurgus disappears forever from history, thereby eternally obliging the Spartans to honour their agreement not to change the laws. //See [|Sanderson Beck's "Ethics of Greek Culture"] for more on this.// Some think the laws of Sparta were essentially unchanged until the third century B.C., with the exception of a rider to the Rhetra quoted by Plutarch. //See "Legislation in Sparta," by W. G. Forrest. Phoenix. Vol. 21, No. 1 (Spring, 1967), pp. 11-19.//
 * Source: ([|http://www.amherst.edu/~eakcetin/sparta.html])

Lycurgus' Reforms and the Spartan Society ** Before Lycurgus there had been dual kingship, division of the society into Spartiates, Helots, and Perioikoi, and the Ephorate. After his travels to Crete and elsewhere, Lycurgus brought to Sparta three innovations: Lycurgus forbade gold and silver coinage, replacing it with iron coinage of low value, making trade with other Greek poleis difficult; for instance, there were supposedly loaf shaped and sized iron coins. It is also possible that the iron coins were valued, as iron had been in the Iron Age of Homer. //See "The Iron Money of Sparta," by H. Michell Phoenix, Vol. 1, Supplement to Volume One. (Spring, 1947), pp. 42-44.// Men were to live in barracks and women were to undergo physical training. In all he did Lycurgus was trying to suppress greed and luxury.
 * 1) Elders (Gerousia),
 * 2) Redistribution of land, and
 * 3) Common messes (meals).

**[|5b Delphi and the Law]** We don't know whether Lycurgus asked the oracle simply to confirm the law code he already had or asked the oracle to provide the code. Xenophon opts for the former, while Plato believes the latter. There's a possibility that the code came from Crete. Thucydides' suggested that it was not the kings who declared war, and the fact that seven helots attended each Spartan indicates the helots' lot may not have been so bad.
 * Source: (web.reed.edu/academic/departments/classics/Spartans.html) Early Sparta**

** [|6d The Great Rhetra] ** Passage from [|Plutarch's Life of Lycurgus] on his obtaining an oracle from Delphi about the establishment of his form of government: When thou has built a temple to Zeus Syllanius and Athena Syllania, divided the people into phylai, and divided them into 'obai', and established a Gerousia of thirty including the Archagetai, then from time to time 'appellazein' between Babyka and Knakion, and there introduce and repeal measures; but the Demos must have the decision and the power. Nine passages from Herodotus about the famous Spartan lawgiver Lycurgus. Passages include notice that female slaves were to work on clothes while free women, since production of children was the noblest occupation, were to exercise as much as the men. If a husband were old, he should supply his wife with a younger man to beget children. Lycurgus made it honourable to satisfy natural cravings by stealing; he forbade free citizens from engaging in business; failing to do one's duty would result in loss of status of the //homoioi//, (equally privileged citizens).
 * [|Xenophon on the Spartans] **

<span style="font-size: 150%; color: rgb(255, 153, 0); font-family: Papyrus;">A facinating novel that deals with Sparta is "Gates of Fire". This is very easy to read and one of the finest examples of historical fiction I have ever come across. This document is an article about Steven Pressfield's visit to Sparta a few years ago.

<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">

2c One: The Ephorate
1. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; color: blue;"> Detail the duties and rights of the Ephors. 2. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; color: blue;"> Describe the respect shown towards the Ephors in Spartan society. 3. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; color: blue;"> Explain and evaluate the role of the Ephorate in Spartan Society. (Refer to particular individuals who have made specific contributions to this part of Spartan government) 1. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; color: blue;"> Detail the duties and rights of the Ecclesia/Apella/Assembly. 2. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; color: blue;"> Detail the limitations both politically and socially of a member of the Spartan Ecclesia/Apella/Assembly. 3. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; color: blue;"> Explain and evaluate the role of the Ecclesia/Apella/Assembly in Spartan society and government. (Refer to particular individuals who have made specific contributions to this part of Spartan government) 1. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; color: blue;"> Detail the duties and rights of the Gerousia. 2. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; color: blue;"> Describe the respect shown towards the Gerousia in Spartan society. 3. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; color: blue;"> Explain and evaluate the role of the Gerousia in Spartan society and government. (Refer to particular individuals who have made specific contributions to this part of Spartan government) 1. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; color: blue;"> Detail the duties and rights of the Kingship. 2. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; color: blue;"> Describe the respect shown towards the Kingship in Spartan society. 3. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; color: blue;"> Explain and evaluate the role of the Kingship in Spartan society and government. (Refer to particular individuals who have made specific contributions to this part of Spartan government)
 * 2c Two: The Ecclesia /Apella/Assembly **
 * 2c Three: The Gerousia **
 * 2b Four: The Kingship **
 * __1a Resources of Ancient Sparta__ **

for your hard copy : Any 2 of the categories in bold type would be worth a mark for a question worth 2 marks (usually in the form of [|cheese]). >
 * From **__Mines__** : Marble and Iron
 * **__ Seafood __** : Fish, octopus; shellfish
 * Red dye from octopus for military clothing
 * purple dye from shellfish
 * **__ Cereals __** such as [|barley] ; [|Durum] wheat ; [|Millet] or [|common wheat]. (The dominant crop)
 * **__ [|olive] trees __**, which provided [|olive oil]
 * **__ [|Grapes] __** for food and wine
 * **__ Vegetables __** ([|cabbage], [|onion], [|garlic], [|lentils], [|chick pea], [|beans])
 * **__ Orchards __** ([|fig], [|almond], [|pomegranate]).
 * **__ Herbs __** ([|sage], [|mint], [|thyme], [|savoury], [|oregano], etc.),
 * **__ [|Oilseed] plants __** such as [|linseed], [|sesame], and [|poppy].
 * Animals such as [|Goat] and sheep -the most common **__livestock;__** providers of meat, [|wool], and [|milk]
 * [|Pork] and [|poultry] ([|chicken] and [|geese]) were also raised.
 * Oxen were rare and normally used as a work animal, though they were occasionally used as sacrificial animal
 * [|Donkeys], [|mules] and their various mixes were raised as pack or draught animals.
 * [|Horses] were raised on the plains of [|Thessaly] and [|Argolis]; it was a luxury animal, signifying aristocracy.
 * **__ [|Wood] __** was intensively exploited, primarily for domestic use; for fuel and construction of housing, toolmaking and production of weapons
 * [|Beekeeping] provided **__[|honey]__**, the only source of [|sugar] known to the Greeks.
 * It also used in medicines and in the production of [|mead].

<span style="color: rgb(239, 58, 46);"> <span style="color: rgb(239, 58, 46);"> <span style="color: rgb(239, 58, 46);"> <span style="color: rgb(239, 58, 46);"> <span style="color: rgb(239, 58, 46);"> <span style="color: rgb(239, 58, 46);"> <span style="color: rgb(239, 58, 46);"> <span style="color: rgb(239, 58, 46);"> <span style="color: rgb(239, 58, 46);"> <span style="color: rgb(239, 58, 46);"> <span style="color: rgb(239, 58, 46);">
 * 3b Some Fabulous sites for Spartan Women are [|Role of Women in Sparta]
 * 3b [|Gorgo and Spartan Women]and
 * 3b a quality response [|What role did Women play in Sparta].
 * 3b They played a role in the creation of [[file:role of women.doc]] which came from the BOS.
 * 1a 3a [[file:The Greek Agricultural Year.doc]]
 * 1a 3a 3b [[file:System of Land ownership.doc]]
 * 2a 2d [[file:Spartiate and Periokoi.doc]]
 * 6a [[file:The 300.doc]] is my review of the popular movie "300"
 * 2c 3a [[file:Xenophon 1 -Constitution of the Spartans.doc]]
 * 2c 3a [[file:Xenophon 2 -boys education.doc]][[file:Xenophon 3- women and girls.doc]]
 * [[file:Spartan Society to the Battle of Leuctra-summary 2.doc]]is the whole topic in summary -great stuff
 * This article is great for the whole part of boys and girls education

2e and when you download <span style="font-family: Papyrus; color: rgb(239, 58, 46); font-size: 150%;">the worksheet look for the answers in the first document 2e <span style="color: rgb(239, 58, 46); font-size: 150%;"> <span style="color: rgb(239, 58, 46); font-size: 150%;"> <span style="color: rgb(239, 58, 46); font-size: 150%;"> <span style="color: rgb(239, 58, 46); font-size: 150%;"> <span style="color: rgb(239, 58, 46); font-family: Papyrus; font-size: 150%;"> <span style="color: rgb(239, 58, 46); font-size: 150%;"> <span style="color: rgb(239, 58, 46); font-size: 150%;"> <span style="color: rgb(239, 58, 46); font-size: 150%;"> ** 2f What were helots? for your hard copy ** for a question worth  2 marks
 * Try 2b [[file:sparta kings.doc]] for a neat little summary
 * 5a 5b [[file:Sparta and Apollo.doc]]is a surprising and up to date account of the Oracle at Delphi
 * 2b 5a [[file:Religious role of the kings.doc]]is self explanatory
 * 6d [[file:Plutarch -Lycurgus.doc]]has the whole story of Lycurgus -I have underlined some important stuff for you
 * 2f [[file:Perioikoi.doc]] a nice little summary
 * 1a [[file:Natural features of Sparta.doc]]may be worth looking at
 * 8a [[file:Greek Writers views of Sparta.doc]]has a fabulous range of views on Sparta

Any of the following worth a mark each For a question worth 5 marks Your hard copy media type="file" key="Python bring out your dead.wav"soundbyte from Monty Python and the Holy Grail Spartiates only
 * Conquered non-Dorian inhabitants, slaves in Laconia were named helots.
 * Defeated Messenians were also regarded as helots
 * They had no rights at all and were treated very poorly, worse than any slave in the rest of the Greek world
 * They had to do forced labour for any Spartan citizen who could dictate to them.
 * They were not chattel slaves and did not belong to a person
 * They belonged to a property and stayed with their family.
 * The Krypteia or secret police were a Helot control task force
 * The Krypteia were ordered to go into Messenian territory and ambush and kill helots especially strong,tough ,brave or smart Helots that might cause an uprising
 * The annually elected Spartan ephors declared war on the helots ritually upon taking office, so that they could continue to kill them at will.
 * 3d 5c Explain funerary customs in Sparta at this time **
 * It was believed that all souls passed on to the underworld realm known as Hades – not just those who had been bad during life
 * Tartaros (hell) was a realm below Hades where disobedient lesser gods were sent for punishment.
 * Elysium (heaven) was a wondrous realm located at the western end of the earth and inhabited by those in favour of Zeus
 * The river Styx ran around the perimeter of Hades seven times.
 * Charon, the ferryman of the dead, would call out the names of the places within Hades that the boat would be sailing to. Charon also ferried souls across the river Styx
 * A coin was usually placed in the mouth as payment to Charon for ferrying the deceased across the Styx.
 * A Greek funeral was carried out in three stages: the body was prepared and laid out (//prothesus// or wake),
 * The body was moved to the place where it would be interred (//ekphora// or procession),
 * The body or cremated remains were deposited in the tomb or grave.
 * Death was only worthy if you dies on campaign or in childbirth
 * You only had your name inscribed if you died in this way

5c Funeral rites for kings
 * Death was announced throughout the land
 * Women going through the city beat cauldrons
 * One man and one woman in each household had to put on mourning clothes or would be heavily fined.
 * Spartans, Perioikoi and helots were obliged to attend the funeral
 * They beat foreheads as a sign of grief, wailing and moaning
 * Cried that the dead king was the best king that they ever head.

for hard copy ** To get full marks students must mention the source, describe it and then deal with the key features of the military 10 marks ** ii) A Military State-the role of the army ** · ** Spartiates ** were the elite warrior class of the rigidly hierarchical [|Spartan] society. · Sparta was ruled by the Military elite  · Heavily armed infantrymen, hoplites ,every Spartiate could afford to be a part of the Phalanx  · From a young age, male Spartiates were trained for battle and put through grueling challenges intended to craft them into fearless warriors.  · In battle, they had the reputation of being the best soldiers in Greece, and the strength of Sparta's hoplite forces led to Sparta becoming the dominant state in Greece.  · Spartiate men were expected to prepare constantly for military conflict.   · The Spartan constitution that devoted Spartiates to a military lifestyle was the product of the lawgiver called [|Lycurgus]. · [|Conquest of the neighboring state Messenia], a large piece of territory and a large conquered population seems to have both provided the basis for the system of helotage and required the existence of a large military force to keep the potentially rebellious Messenians under control. · The Spartiates thus became a permanently armed master class, living off the labor of the helots and preventing rebellion through constant vigilance. · The Agoge was the educational system for the male Spartan children that enforced a disciplined state and created a military elite and community of warriors. · From birth a boy was part of the Agoge and it was a state responsibility to ensure the child was bought up in the correct manner. media type="file" key="300 hell.wav"soundbyte from movie "300"
 * 2d Role of the Spartan Army.
 * Source = Quote from Tyrtaeus **
 * i) Source: Tyrtaeus- **
 * Wrote war poetry to arouse Spartans.
 * Very popular marching songs
 * Places courage in battle above all other qualities
 * Warrior advanced into battle singing his marches.
 * Wrote the battle chants to rally the Spartiates against rebel opposition.
 * He concludes that the supreme guarantee of manly virtue is courage in the face of the enemy.

<span style="font-size: 200%; color: rgb(231, 54, 212);">More past papers 2006 HSC

<span style="font-size: 100%; color: rgb(231, 54, 212);">(a) Name TWO gods/goddesses worshipped at Sparta. 2 marks (b) Who was Lycurgus ? 2 marks (c) Describe the role of the Agoge in the education of Spartan boys ? 5 marks (d) Outline therole of the Spartan kings. 6 marks (e) With reference to Source 13 and other sources,explain the significance of women in Spartan society. 10 marks Copyright not given - photo of a statue of a Spartan woman <span style="font-size: 168%; color: rgb(235, 71, 225);">Source 13: Spartan woman involved in a religious rite <span style="font-size: 112%; color: rgb(235, 71, 225);"> <span style="font-size: 160%; color: rgb(235, 71, 225);"> <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 192%;">STOP PRESS - "Women" Question repeated in the 2008 HSC. Will include this when I can <span style="font-size: 224%; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"> <span style="font-size: 112%; color: rgb(235, 71, 225);">media type="file" key="Python any women here.wav"Soundbyte from Monty Pythons "Life of Brian" <span style="color: rgb(235, 71, 225); font-size: 160%;"> 2007 HSC

<span style="font-size: 160%; color: rgb(233, 53, 227);"> <span style="font-family: Papyrus; color: rgb(235, 61, 230); font-size: 150%;">a) Name 2 ancient Authors who wrote about Sparta 2 marks b) What was the //__syssitia__// 3 marks c) With reference to Source 15 and other sources, describe the main features of Spartan religious festivals. 8 marks <span style="color: rgb(235, 61, 230); font-size: 150%;"> d) Explain the importance of the army in Spartan Society 12 marks ** xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx Have you guys seen this site the TaLe site ? [] It features a tutorial ,interactive maps and great summaries etc here is a sample > **Training:** > inspected by Council of Elders. > **7-12 years old:** training in physical fitness and obedience. > **20-30 years old:** At 20 years old the Spartiati became known as an **eirene,** permission was given to marry,but remained in barracks. > Dined in "clubs" (**syssitia**.) Attendance was compulsory. > Members had to be accepted by all other members. > A potential member might be "blackballed". > > **30 years old:** becomes a full citizen (or Spartiate ). > Might sleep at home but eats in a common mess (**phiditia**). This mess was also the homoioi's tent in warfare. This eating in a common mess continued throughout a Spartan male's life. > **60 years old**: eligible for membership in the "Council of Elders" or **Gerousia**. > At this age, many became involved in the training of younger Spartans. > Frequently, relationships developed between these older men and the younger boys. > To produce strong, healthy children. > The training system was aimed at developing strong morale through association with peers and common experience. It instilled the Spartan with unquestioning loyalty to the state. > > WOMEN also underwent a similar regime of rigorous training. > Training restricted the size of the **homoioi** population. > Spartan males lacked skill in most areas. They were largely illiterate. > They were restricted in outlook. > Spartans were never able to govern their conquests adequately. > **Women:** > Underwent similar training to their male counterparts. > Spartan girls were often part of the rough and tumble games of Spartan boys. > Young Spartan women exercised rigorously and were inculcated with the same ideals of duty, loyalty and self-sacrifice as were young men. > To develop a deeply loyal female population who were responsible for maintaining the home while the adult male Spartans were away fighting. > The role of Spartan women as the bearers of children was paramount. > Their training taught them to be tough, resilient and supportive of the State. > Spartan women had a role in the early education of infants prior to the State taking formal control at age seven. > Spartan women were an important part of Spartan society. > They possessed incredible freedom when compared with their Athenian counterparts. > Spartan women came to wield considerable power by virtue of their control of property
 * __Source15: Statue of Apollo found in Laconia__
 * **Age group / activity** || **Purpose** || **Effects** ||

A "fully sick" complete summary from BOS is at <span style="font-size: 300%; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: 'Bookman Old Style'; text-align: left;">