Yr+9+term+1

This year: Australian History - from Federation to WWII

Term I Topic 1 Australia from Federation to 1914 for a copy of your Tasks this term see You have 4 separate Tasks this term.They are set out below with information and sources to help you.

Have a look at [|How People lived] from the Kraft Page and write a letter to a member of your family in Britain at the time. Working conditions in Australia in the early 1900's   City workers could be involved in   · Service industries such as domestic servants – mostly women · Commercial e.g. shop assistants · Manufacturing in factories etc · Industrial –involving heavy machinery that was often very dangerous Rural workers were also poorly paid with very long hours and no overtime In 1900 the countryside was suffering from · A crippling drought that began in 1895 · An international economic depression caused a severe drop in the price of primary produce such as wheat ,wool and meat · Many unemployed workers were desperate for work, and willing to accept lower wages in return for a job Conditions · Hours were very long ,from 12 to16 hours a day ,60 hours or more a week · Shop keepers were forced to stand on their feet for 12 hours straight when they worked. · Many started at six am and left at six pm, though some stayed til 10pm and walked home, some five kilometres to their home. · There was no extra pay for longer hours ,time and a half etc ,just regular pay · The workplace was often unhygienic and workers did not receive much time to rest · Wages were poor, the minimum wage was called the “basic wage” and calculated what was needed for a man to support a wife and three children · Women received roughly half the male wage as they were not the “bread-winners”. See the Harvester Judgement · Women were expected to get married and have children and devote their life to being a housewife. · Some unmarried women or poorer women worked in sewing factories and were paid very little. Many worked up to 90 hours a week. · Children were forced to work at the age of twelve, or earlier. · Once they had finished school, they were expected to support their families · Children were sent to work in factories, and there was no minimum age limit for children workers. · Children workers were employed because of the minimum wages that they earned from their employee and that they could crawl into small spaces and fix machinery easily. Many children died because of this. The Workers Fight back 1) Why did many urban and rural workers see the need for joining a union? 2) What were the main unions in Australia in the first decades of the 20th century? 3) How many members of the workforce were members of unions? 4) How could unionists improve their position in the workforce? 5) What forces were opposed to this development?  6) How did the workers try and strengthen their position politically? 7) Why were many working people unable to take part in Parliament? 8) What were the main changes a workers party wanted for a new parliament? 9) What type of issues did this party think were important? 10) Why was one of the first laws passed a restrictive immigration act? 11) What institution was established to look after the interests of the workers against the employers? 12) What political party was thus formed? 13) How successful was this party? Why?  Federation  In the late 19th century the Colonists of Australia were united by bonds to the most Powerful Empire in the world. What were the common parts of this culture? (look at religion, arts, government, sport, entertainment etc ) See http://woodlands-junior.kent.sch.uk/customs/topics/index.htm#C

and quoted from a Speech by Dr Helen Irving, member of the Board of Advisers,  Henry Parkes Foundation, at the launch of the Foundation  NSW Parliament House, 4 June 1999. ( Though the original audience in Tenterfield in 1889 would have heard ".. //the Crimthon thread of Kinthip that runth through uth all// ...." Henry Parkth had a pronounced lithp -pronounced "lithp")

Parkes the showman ,revealing his vision Some felt they were united by other newer bonds. What did this flag represent? http://www.cfmeuwa.com/go/the-cfmeu/our-history/the-eureka-flag [|http://www.johnston-independent.com/eureka_flag.htm#]. The Uniqueness of the Flora and Fauna made Australian Nationalists feel special. What current sporting teams use our animals and plants for their emblems? Australia led the world in kangaroos ,koalas etc

Irish Catholics felt disconnected with the British and were quite happy with the thought of being independent from what many regarded as harsh and oppressive rule. They formed at least 25% of the Australian population.


 * Ireland itself was divided into the mainly Catholic south and the predominantly Protestant north.
 * Catholics were refused political rights in Ireland and had their own school systems which were continued in Australia.


 * Any plans for independence were complicated by extremists from the Irish Republican Army Sein Feinn and the pro-British Ulster Unionists in the north.

On a blank map of Australia
 * Only recently ,in the last decade, has peace been finally achieved.

( if you want a hard copy of this one ) Overland Telegraph.
 * Draw in the rail link between the two major cities in Australia at the end of the 19th Century.
 * Connect the link between the north and south that represents the
 * What did this mean for communications in Australia ?

> a Common Defence and a Policy of Protection for all the colonies.
 * Draw a Spiky Collar around the mainland that will represent the idea of

Then glue final map into your exercise books
 * __White Australia__**

In 1900 : China had 467 million people India 250 million Africa 250 milli on Why was Africa known as "The Dark Continent"? South East Asia 80 million South America 60 million Japan 45 million ......while Australia had less than 4 million ……… In //1901//, 2908303 people (77.2%) counted in //Australia// were //Australian//-//born// and 857576 (22.8%) stated that they were //born// overseas. **...** Most Australians were intensely concerned to preserve a White Anglo-Saxon (British) nation A __**Christian Protestant European**__ culture was seen as preferable to any alternative.

[|People and Politics in the first decades of the 20th Century] is from a very comprehensive Department site called "Teaching Heritage" What message was the cartoonist making with each of these racist drawings? How did Australians at the time NOT find these cartoons offensive?

Look at one of the first Laws passed by the new Commonwealth Government

and a document from Williams, M. 
 * __//Chinese Settlement in New South Wales 1999//__** [[file:Chinese people and the Immigration Restriction Act.doc]] 

Alfred Deakin was the first Australian Prime mInister .Here is a speech he gave quoted from Macintyre, "//__And be one people": Alfred Deakin’s Federal Story__// 1995  The ANA were the Australian Natives Association. What do you think they had to do with Australian aborigines ? Why ?

Which "Australians" were referred to in the first pendant? Why did people at the time NOT find this message racist? What was important about the Three P's in the second pendant?

for more information you can see [|Towards Federation] and [|Federation] and [|White Australia]

Before the emergence of a Labor Party representing Australian workers ,politics in the first few decades of the 20th century were divided between those who believed in the economic ideas of Free Trade or Protection for the future of Australia. Here is a table I made up which I thought would be useful for you. If you come across any more useful information let me know. Free trade v Protection DARWIN’S “SURVIVAL of the FITTEST” ||< A “KIND” GOVERNMENT wants to set up their own industry -With some HELP || British Empire in 19th Century “We are part of a Big System” ||< We want to compete with the best We are every bit as good as them || things (in business) alone. Perfect free trade =all human needs achieved ||< Newly emerging economies e.g. Victoria and USA disagreed – protect local industry by putting TARIFFS and IMPORT taxes on imports || that Protection is possible to ESTABLISH industry but to keep it up = create vested interests ||< Benevolent governments want to help the people by allowing them to compete internationally || Import Duties = lower prices for goods ||< With Protection =Tariffs and Taxes =Revenue for Govts Cost of goods higher but the money stays here || own goods can then be sold overseas WITHOUT tariffs and taxes ||< Protectionism a response to Other Countries use of Tariffs and Import Duties
 * A government that believes in
 * Dominant idea in expanding
 * “ // Laissez faire // ” idea is to leave
 * “Liberals” or progressives think
 * Without Tariffs and
 * FT of goods means that your

|| in money terms ||< The Long Term view is that society is better off under Protection || good at ||< A state needs to develop economically to compete with the rest of the world This allows Australia to be Self Sufficient || other countries will do the same ||< Each country is only really interested in its own advantages || FT for all trade between the states ||< Protection for Australian industries in regard to overseas ||
 * FT =society is better off ,richer
 * Specialise in what we are
 * If we don’t impose tariffs then
 * AUSTRALIA adopted

**__ Task 1 __** Using the information above and what you have learned elsewhere write a response explaining WHY the Australian colonies combined to form a united nation. In your answer give at least 6 reasons FOR Federation and 4 PROBLEMS that had to be overcome.

Write a paragraph for each of the 10 points you mention. You can import 2 or more diagrams in your answer.

Submit your response on A4 paper with a proper title page. Definitions || || Presiding officer in House of Representatives || || Presiding officer in Senate || || Geographic districts of Australian States with approximately equal numbers of voters || || Another name for electorates || || Basis of our voting system ,so that rural and urban areas are equal || || Voters list candidates in order of preference. || || A proper vote-counted according to the voting system || || When a candidate is eliminated the next preference is then allocated to the other candidates || || Another name for House of Representatives –Based on British House of Commons || || Another name for Senate –Based on British House of Lords || || The relationship of the power of both Houses || || Is passed by a majority in Both Houses || || After all other candidates votes are eliminated the last two are left and one can form a majority || || Determined by population || || Officer presiding over the election –how it is conducted and counted || || Budget Bills can only be introduced by the Lower House by a majority party (the government) || || Members of a government selected by the Prime Minister to take charge of various government departments || || Leader minority party in the lower house – if he wins enough seats after an election he can then form a majority and thus a new government || after election || Invited by Governor General to form a Government || || Areas of the country side || || City areas or suburbs- from Latin urbs =city || || If no candidate wins a majority ,the candidate with the least votes has his preferences allocated and he is eliminated || || Under the constitution regardless of population the smallest number of seats a state can have in the Lower House || Task 2 Australian Constitution Using the above table open
 * The Australian Constitution ||
 * Speaker of House
 * President of House
 * Electorates
 * Seats
 * One Vote One Value
 * Preferential Voting System
 * Formal Voting
 * Allocation of preferences
 * Lower House
 * Upper House
 * Equality
 * Legislation
 * Two Party Preferred Vote
 * Number of Electorates
 * Electoral Commissioner
 * Supply Bills
 * Ministers
 * Leader of the Opposition
 * Majority Party in Lower House
 * Rural
 * Urban
 * Instant Run Off
 * Minimum of 5 electorates

and re-arrange the cells to the correct position. Then print out a hard copy of the correct ,completed table and glue into your books.

Politics

Year in Which State Female Suffrage was Granted - For Commonwealth Female vote =1902 || 1894 || || 1899  || || 1902  || || 1902  || || 1903  || || 1904  || || 1908
 * South Australia
 * Western Australia
 * Commonwealth of Australia
 * New South Wales
 * Tasmania
 * Queensland
 * Victoria

||

Federation Statistics : 19013.8million 75 seats 36 senators 2007 20 m 150 seats 76 senators = members of House of Representatives = members of Senate New South Wales -members of the Reps and Senators in the first Federal Parliament and now (as at 2007) Victoria -members of the Reps and Senators in the first Parliament and now Queensland -members of the Reps and Senators in the first Parliament and now South Australia -members of the Reps and Senators in the first Parliament and now Western Australia -members of the Reps and Senators in the first Parliament and now Tasmania -members of the Reps and Senators in the first Parliament and now ACT -members of the Reps and Senators in the first Parliament and now. Why were there no people recorded in 1901? Northern Territory -members of the Reps and Senators in the first Parliament and now. Why was this Territory not given statehood in 1901?

__**Task 3**__ answer these questions on the above information ( in your book) 1) Make up a table showing the states and territories of Australia and the number of members for the Lower and Upper Houses in both 1901 and 2007. 2) Why was 2007 chosen as the most recent date? 3) Find the current population of each state and territory. 4) Which states have had the greatest growth in the last 100 years? 5) Are there any states that have not shown any significant growth? 6) Which states have more power in the upper house? Why? 7) Why were the colours green and red chosen for the Australian houses of Parliament? 8) What has to happen to change the constitution? 9) What special consideration is there for the smaller states in this vote? 10) For a change to the law (in question 8) what two special things have to happen? 11) Which states allowed women to vote in 1901 ? Timeline Australian events 1900-1914 From http://www.abc.net.au/archives/timeline/1900s.htm

1900
Jan 1 Adelaide: Electric street lights installed April Bubonic Plague in Brisbane Jul 22 Paris: Australian swimmer Freddy Lane wins 2 golds medals at the 2nd Olympic Games Jul 27 Melbourne: Mass meeting at Town Hall in support of Women's Suffrage Jul 28 UK requests Australian troops for Boxer Rebellion in China Sep 13 Melbourne: 4000 people attend premiere ofSalvation Army multimedia presentation //"Soldiers of the Cross"// Sep 14 Hobart: Legislation passed to introduce adult male suffrage Sep 17 Queen Victoria signs document to create the Commonwealth of Australia Sep 30 Sydney: 103 people killed by Bubonic Plague Dec Kalgoorlie: Goldfields Water Supply Scheme completed Dec Roma, Qld: Bore yields Australia's first natural gas

1901
Jan 1 Australia celebrates Federation Jan 22 Edward VII new King after the death of Victoria Mar 29 First Federal election. Sir Edmund Barton (Protectionist) becomes Prime Minister April First ALP Caucus meeting May 8 Federal Labor Party formed with John Christian Watson as leader May 9 Melbourne: Opening of first Federal Parliament at the Exhibition Building Sep 3 Federal Flag (Union Jack & Southern Cross) flies above Parliament Nov 22 Vic National Council of Women forms Dec 23 New White Australia Policy test Dec // My Brilliant Career // by Miles Franklin published

1902
> Jan 30 Anglo-Japanese Naval Treaty causes great concern in Australia Feb 13 Return of Aboriginal remains from overseas museums to Tasmania Feb 27 Pretoria, South Africa (Boer War): British execute Breaker Morant for having shot Boers who had surrendered Apr 09 Federal Franchise Act defines who can vote. Aborigines are excluded Aug 01 //New Idea// published Sep 14 Brisbane: Dame Nellie Melba begins national tour Nov 20 Lord Tennyson arrives as Governor General Dec 26 Brisbane accorded City status Dec Sydney: Ada Evans becomes the first woman to pass Law exam (the Bar) in Australia but is not allowed to practice Dec Billy Hughes founds the Waterside Workers' Federation

1903
Jan 24 Water pipeline to Kalgoorlie opens Jun 23 First federal postage stamps issued Sep 24 Sir Edmund Barton resigns as Prime Minister to move to the new High Court. Alfred Deakin (Protectionist) becomes 2nd Prime Minister Oct 06 Melbourne: High Court of Australia opens

1904
Jan 01 Alfred Felton dies, leaving a bequest to the National Gallery of Victoria, the largest bequest ever made to the public in any Australian City Apr 24 First (minority) Labor Government underJohn Watson Aug 17 Watson resigns. Free Trade leader George Reid forms Coalition Ministry Jul 08 Sydney: Electric street lights installed Sep 02 First Australian Golf Open tournament Nov 2 Melbourne: Lawn Tennis Association established Dec 15 Commonwealth Conciliation & Arbitration Act

1905
Jan 24 Qld: Women granted the right to vote Apr 02 Hobart: New GPO opens May 03 Brisbane: an estimated 40,000 people contract Dengue Fever May 14 Perth: Neck chains for Aboriginal prisoners banned Jul 01 Sydney: First cinema opens Jul 05 Alfred Deakin becomes Prime Minister for second time as the head of a Liberal Protectionist Government following the resignation of George Reid on June 30 Aug 01 Melbourne: Grata Greig becomes the first woman admitted to the Australian Bar Dec 15 Melbourne: Commonwealth Court of Conciliation & Arbitration opens Feb 06 Sydney: Bondi Surf Lifesaving Club established Apr 30 Melbourne: Brighton to St Kilda electric tram line opens Sep 01 PNG officially under Australian control Dec 23 First demonstration Bondi Lifesaving Reel
 * 1906 **

1907
Jan 03 Bondi: First life saved with new lifesaving reel is 9-year-old Charles Kingsford Smith Feb 13 Northern Territory transferred from South Australian to Commonwealth jurisdiction Jul 10 Telephone trunk line opens between Sydney and Melbourne Jul 23 Norman Brookes, along with Anthony Wilding, wins Davis Cup for Australasia. Earlier in the year he was the first Australian to win the Wimbledon Singles Championship. Aug 19 West Australia: 2,036 mile-long rabbit-proof fence completed after 5 years construction Nov 08 The principle of the Basic Wage is established after the "Harvester Case" and forms the basis for wage fixing for the next 60 years

1908
Feb 14 Melbourne: //The Age// newspaper proprietor, David Syme, dies Mar 10 Antarctica: Mawson and David scale Mt Erebus May 07 Coat of Arms granted to Commonwealth of Australia Jun 25 West Australia Art Gallery opens Oct 08 Canberra selected as the national capital Nov 13 Andrew Fisher becomes new Labor Prime Minister Perth: Subiaco Oval first used for Australian Rules Football First season of professional Rugby League competition 1909 Jan 16 Mawson, David and Mackay reach Magnetic South Pole Mar 31 Victorian Adult Suffrage Act grants women the right to vote, the last state in Australia to do so Apr 29 Deakin becomes Prime Minister for the 3rd time after Governor General refuses double dissolution of Fisher Labor Government May 24 Broken Hill: Lengthy miners strike ends Jun 2 Deakin forms Liberal government Jul 23 Victoria: Sir Frederick Holder, Speaker in the House of Representatives, collapses and dies after an all night sitting Dec 22 Darwin: Lord Kitchener arrives in Australia to advise on defence

1910
Jan 11 Lord Kitchener arrives in Melbourne May 6 death of King Edward, new King is George V Apr 29 Fisher new Labor Prime Minister Jan 22 Australian High Commission established in London Mar 18 Melbourne: Houdini flies plane at Diggers Rest Jul 20 Victorian Football League (VFL) introduces the "free kick" Nov 25 Naval Defence Act establishes the Royal Australian Navy

1911
Jan 01 ACT established Apr 03 Population of Australia reaches 4,455,005 June Duntroon Military College opens Jun 01 University of Queensland opens Oct 06 Compulsory voting introduced Dec 02 Hobart: Mawson expedition leaves to map Antarctica Dec 22 Commonwealth Bank established Commonwealth Lighthouse Act

1912
Jan 31 Brisbane: General Strike, the first of its kind in the country, following suspension of tramway employees over the right to wear union member badges. The strike lasts until March 6 Mar 01 Sydney: England wins 5th Test and The Ashes 4-1 Mar 21 Adelaide Steamship liner //Koombana// sinks off Port Hedland during a cyclone. All 150 people on board perish Jul 06 Geelong: First Australian public telephone exchange installed Jul 15 Stockholm: Fanny Durack wins a gold medal for swimming in the 100 metres at the Olympics Jul 15 Commonwealth Bank opens as a savings bank Sep 01 The Wattle is declared Australia's national flower Oct 15 Queenstown, Tas: Mt Lyell fire entombs 51 miners for 3 days before they are found alive. 42 others perish Nov 12 //Australian Women's Weekly// launched Queenstown, Tas; Opening of Mt Lyell mine

1913
Jun 24 Joseph Cook new Liberal Prime Minister Jul 05 Sydney quarantined as smallpox epidemic sweeps the city Aug 19 Frank Hurley releases //Home of the Blizzard//, a documentary film about the Australasian Antarctic Expedition

1914
Apr 09 Melbourne: GJ Coles opens a new variety store in Collingwood Jul 18 First airmail delivery from Melbourne to Sydney Jul 25 Telephone link established between Melbourne and Adelaide Jun 28 Assassination of Austrian Crown Prince Franz Ferdinand starts a series of crises that lead to start of hostilities in Europe Aug 05 World War I begins. Australia offers Britain 20,000 troops. Film version of //Robbery Under Arms// Australia to support the Mother Country "To the Last Man and the Last Shilling" Sept 17 Fisher new Labor Prime Minister Nov 09 Cocos Islands: HMAS //Sydney// destroys German cruiser //Emden// Dec 26 Melbourne: Premiere of the Tait Brothers film //The Story of the Kelly Gang// For your own Hard Copy of Timeline see ** Task 4 Timeline Questions ** > > For Your Hard Copy of Questions see
 * 1) What sports were important to Australians in the period studied?
 * 2) Who were the reigning British monarchs in the period 1900-1910?
 * 3) Why did the first Federal Parliament not meet in Canberra?
 * 1) What were the major health problems facing Australia in this time?
 * 2) What was the first flag that flew over Parliament and when?
 * 3) What were the stages in the granting of male and female suffrage?
 * 4) What overseas military events included Australian troops in this period?
 * 5) What were the various cultural and artistic milestones during this time?
 * 6) What were the major economic and infrastructure improvements in this period?
 * 7) List the Prime ministers to 1914 and the party they belonged to.
 * 8) What was the total time each party was in government?
 * 9) Where and when was the first Australian parliament held?
 * 10) What mention is made of Aboriginal Australians in this time?
 * 11) What were the major legal developments in the period studied?
 * 12) How did the establishment of a uniquely Australian military organisation take place?
 * 13) Who was Australia’s prime minister upon the outbreak of WWI?
 * 14) What famous Australian was rescued by Surf LifeSavers when he was a small boy?

Open your own copy of this file and word -process your answers in another colour. Then print your hard copy of the completed exercise and glue into your books.